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OCTOBER
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The Celts
From whence we came.
Irish, Scottish, Anglo, Saxon, Pict, Jute, Viking.
Through the misty mountains,
the land above,
the fires below.
Thick with fog,
floating in the sky,
fell into the cooling waters,
the last piece of heaven,
a blanket of green,
upon the earth.
~Éireann
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400 BC—The Celts, it’s complicated, the Druids, even more so. We begin to address our people in lectures through history, the inventions, the arts, trade, farming, battles, local customs, and, of course, the mysteries. What we know so far from books based on the artifacts that we have found, we are still finding. However, in January, when we take up Great Mysteries, these two groups of peoples will be better understood from the perspectives of legends, myths, and lore. Which is why they still linger today, and we will touch on those who wish it dead.
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The Original Ancient Celts
Hallstatt Culture
The Hallstatt Culture was discovered in Austria 1846, but the artifacts date as far back as 1200BC, from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. Hallstatt Culture is also known as proto-Celtic. It is thought that there were a number of great migrations and mergers due to lack of resources and droughts, key in the developing culture making all Europeans Celts. These people seriously got around. As this site and others are uncovered there are more discoveries yet to be founds. For example, Le Tène culture which came at the end of the Hallstatt Culture. Was it a merge or a transformation? Outside some speculation of cannibalisms, not proven of course, family values were prominent throughout the culture. The Lectures on the Hallstatt Culture are always filled with a lively debate and often pull out some of the strangest notions. Their art and advances they made are astounding and fills the imagination.
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Celtic Tales – Every Saturday In October on PEACH Radio – 7PM
aes sídhe
nuckalavee
broonies
banshee
sìdh
Áine Chlair
kelpies
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..bíodh eagla ort!
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[tbc]
The Elusive Mystic Druids & Drottes
Wizards of the Oak.
The ancient Druids, were diviners, magicians, priests, teachers. They believed in the immortality of the soul, that the soul, upon death, took over the body of a living person. Some later believed the soul crossed over into other worlds. Druids often met in caves to perform rituals, and a Druid Priest would build his doorways through his hut in alignment to the stars in order to travel. Priests also had the ability to turn into an oak tree at will. If you find an oak out of place in the woods, it might very well be a Druid.
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Three Types of Druids
Bards – Poets – Songs and story tellers.
Ovates – Telepathic – Healers and seers
Vates – Priests – Philosophers, judges, and teachers.
Mistletoe – a mysterious magical plant.
[tbc]
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Α Ω
Daughter and Sons of Albion
The development of language among the Celts, and all the other tribes, can best be summarized as, ‘the locals on a slow burn.’ Their writings, even more so. To come to some language uniformity, with the help of the church and, of course, the Normans, the original Celts, were driven from a system of pictures and symbols, dating back before the founding of Rome. These words, or ideas of words, were full of imagination. Non-verbal communication was really the best way to express a conversation with these folk. The Celts, it was said, could read another’s mind. Found were old tablets, many of them full of curses, with similar symbols developed by the Vikings. However, recent discoveries of much older artifacts may prove otherwise. What makes this topic even more convoluted are the different artifacts found, the local dialects, and imaginative stories passed down for generations.
As time moved forward, along with the development of Greco-Roman Society, modern words, symbols, and writings were added to specific locations. This has helped to understand and identify where and when these different ethnic cultures met or collided. What we know is, the Celts were originally and predominately in Central Europe, Indo-European. Over great periods of time, they spread out, becoming: Juts, Picts, Saxons, Anglo, and Belgae. Still, all Celts. Eventually, they all ended up butting heads with the Vikings in the north and coastal areas, the Greeks, and Latins to the South, save one tribe in northwestern Ireland, and those wee folk have yet to be explained. Perhaps they were leprechauns?
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Rome Arrives
When Caesar arrived, his recounting of those on the island was not kind. Regarding, the Gaul,
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“The Druids are in charge of all religious matters, superintending public and private sacrifices, and explaining superstitions. A large crowd of young men, who flock to them for schooling, hold the Druids in great respect. For they have opinions to give on almost all disputes involving tribes or individuals, and if any crime is committed, any murder done, or if there is contention about a will or the boundaries of some property, they are the people who investigate the matter and establish rewards and punishments. There is one arch-druid of supreme power. On his death, he is succeeded either by someone outstanding among his fellows, or, if there are several of equal calibre, a decision is reached by a vote of all the Druids. At a fixed time of year, they assemble at a holy place… Anyone with a grievance attends and obeys the decisions and judgments which the Druids give. The general view is that this religion originated in Britain and was imported into Gaul, which means that any keen student of Druidism now goes to Britain for information.”
“They are the most ignorant people I have ever conquered. They cannot be taught music.” – Julius Caesar 54 BC
Cicero, in writing to his friend Atticus, advised him not to buy slaves in England, “because,” said he, “they cannot be taught to read, and are the ugliest and most stupid race I ever saw.”
Both Julius and Cicero exaggerate. These barbarian tribes, as described by Caesar, had been trading throughout the region for hundreds of years. Before the Romans, the Celts on the Islands had developed extensive trade with the Etruscans, Latins, and even the Greeks, far into Asia Minor and into the Volga and Mongolia. They were, however, very superstitious and ritualistic people. So when did the first people, the Celts, arrive in Great Britain and Ireland? Legend says, they have always been there, that the last piece of heaven to fall from the sky at the end of Atlantis was Ireland. The Indo-European Celtic were a large, flourishing tribe that broke up into family groups, and over long periods of time became known as the Native Tribes of Europe. Celtic Gauls and Vikings, mingled with the ancient people on the islands, and developed not only their customs, but also their mystical powers of sight and magic. More details will be discussed during Great Mysteries, in January.
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376
The Barbarian Conspiracy, 367 AD, was perhaps the true end of Rome as an Empire. By 376 AD, the Northern Tribesmen did something they hadn’t done in hundreds of years. They united, and in Rome’s weakness laid the Empire North of the Rubicon to rest.
However, we can attribute Constantine (306 to 337 AD) with the conversion of the Celts to Christianity, but we can not disregard how the Celtic influences and defined Christianity, as we learn during the Byzantium Era. Regardless, the Holy Roman Empire throughout Europe was taking on a new shape.
After the Barbarians Conspiracy, Rome as an Empire quickly dissolved. Soldiers who had fought in faraway battles returned home to the lands promised by the Generals. Those who stayed, especially, in Briton and Ireland, didn’t last long. They crossed the Channel into Gaul for better weather and more sophisticated people. Forts, towns, and cities that sprung up on the Isles and ports were abandoned. Most of the native folk moved further inland, creating small villages and hamlets. The Northern Europeans took root and power on the Mainland, and with the spreading of Christianity began a new idea of Empire.
Ireland – Hibernia “land of winter”[Classic Latin] Greek geographical accounts. 320 BC Pytheas of Massalia called the island Iérnē (written Ἰέρνη). Roman historian Tacitus (98 AD), uses the name Hibernia. The people Hibernie Ἰουερνία Iouerníā was a Greek rendering of the Q-Celtic name *Īweriū, from which eventually arose the Irish names Ériu and Éire.
“That island, compared with Britain, is of smaller dimensions, but it is larger than the islands of our own sea. In regard to soil, climate, and the character and ways of its inhabitants, it is not markedly different from Britain; we are better informed, thanks to the trade of merchants, about the approaches to the island and its harbours.
Agricola had given shelter to one of the petty chieftains whom faction had driven from home, and under the cloak of friendship held him in reserve to be used as opportunity offered. I have often heard my father-in-law say that with one legion and a fair contingent of irregulars Hibernia could be overpowered and held, and that the feat would pay as against Britain also; for so Roman troops would be everywhere and liberty would sink, so to speak, below the horizon.”
The Agricola by Roman historian Tacitus, c. 98 CE
Gnaeus Julius Agricola was a Roman general and politician responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Britain.
Tacitus, was a Roman historian and politician. Tacitus is widely regarded as one of the greatest Roman historians by modern scholars
Claudius – geography and tribes of Hibernia
referred to as little Britain
16 tribes
432 written annals
Saint Patrick and the Druids
Shakus Moore –
Lugaid mac Lóegairi – High King of Ireland
Roman Christianity vs Celtic Christianity
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Arthur, King of Brits
400/500 AD
Who was Arthur?
Arthur was a bastard child of Uther Pendragon. He was raised by a sorcerer named Merlin. Through his heroic deeds, and by uniting the tribes under Roman Rule, he became the First King of the Brits. He was known for gathering 12 loyal, true and brave men called the Knights of the Round Table. Their mission was to search and find the Holy Grail. They fought many battles in the name of Christ and Christendom. Arthur’s final battle was at Camlann. He was buried on the island of Avalon. I dare say no more, for the lecture given on the life of Arthur is not to be missed.
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The Grail Legend
Christian Mysteries — Recounts the life of Christ from the Gnostic perspective.
The Grail — The cup Christ used at the Last Supper, and Joseph of Arimathea used to collect the blood from the dying Savior on the cross after the Roman soldier stabbed him with the Spear Of Destiny.
Spear of Destiny — The Spear fashioned from the tree of Adam, used throughout history, including when Christ was stabbed on the cross. It has a long history, and is known to defeat all manner of daemons and win many battles.
Tree of Adam — The seed placed in Adam’s mouth upon his burial that sprung forth a tree. The wood from the tree used in the building of the Ark, the cross Christ died on, and the shaft of the Spear of Destiny.
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The Anglo-Saxons
By the 500 AD every village had a local Priest, Smythe, Farmers and Woodsmen. Male children were expected to take on their father’s craft. The practiced skills were: Smythe, Carpentry, Pottery, Farming, and Animal Husbandry. Skills were passed down to their sons, if they lived. Women worked with the other women in the kitchen and whatever else needed to be done. They were expected to marry and bear live children. Families would choose a proper husband for their daughters. However, if the girl did not wish to marry a particular man, they were not forced to do so. Men did much of the hard work while the woman raised the children, kept busy grinding kernels for flour, baking the bread, forging in the forest, tending the animals, sewing and weaving clothes. Sadly, both men’s and women’s hygiene was atrocious. They suffered from fleas, lice, tics and several horrible internal parasites.
The King would mint all coins used, called silver pennies. A new batch was made every 7 years. These coins were used as trade, and if any were found to be stolen or counterfeit, one could expect to lose a hand and have that hand nailed to the door of their house. They also had police, mostly a group of watchmen who kept the peace. however, they had little to no real judicial powers.
Travelers who passed through the villages or hamlets would recite the news or current events as poetic verse and song. The priest could read books, working men and women, peasants were not literate. However, all knew the Epic Tale of Beowulf by heart, having been taught since childhood. Kin, travelers and poets would sing it often. Beowulf is the true poem of the Angelo-Saxon and Barbarian Tribes. It is what still unites and identifies them as a people today.
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Beowulf
Listen!
Hwæt! We Gardena in geardagum,
þeodcyninga, þrym gefrunon,
hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon.
Oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum,
monegum mægþum, meodosetla ofteah,
egsode eorlas. Syððan ærest wearð
feasceaft funden, he þæs frofre gebad,
weox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þah,
oðþæt him æghwylc þara ymbsittendra
ofer hronrade hyran scolde,
gomban gyldan. þæt wæs god cyning.
Listen! We of the Spear-Danes in days of yore
Of those folk-kings the glory have heard,
How those noblemen brave-things did.
Often Scyld, son of Scef, from enemy hosts
From many people mead-benches took,
terrorized warriors. After first he was
helpless found, he knew the recompense for that,
grew under the sky, in honors thrived,
until to him each of the neighboring tribes
over the whale-road had to submit,
tribute yield. That was a good king!
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Alfred the Great, 849 – 899. King of the West Saxons, 871 to 886, Anglo-Saxon King, 886 – 899.
From Alfred to Goodwin
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From Vikings to Normans —
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Albion
In Albion, by 1000 AD, the now Anglo-Saxons were baptized Christian. They had an established hierarchy, with a king at the tops and slaves at the bottom; slaves in this culture were those who could not pay their debts or had committed crimes. The people were mostly farmers, growing wheat and barley, foraging in the forests, picking what grew naturally around their lands. If there was water nearby, they fished, used bows and arrows for wild game, and stone wheels to grind their grains. They lived above ground in low thatched roof hutches and in rounds. They raised and domesticated animals: goats and rabbits, boars and, most importantly, sheep. Sheep provided them with food, wool, milk, and tallow.
Still, the Anglo-Saxons found themselves in endless battles and raids by the Viking hoards. Men took on the burden of defending their families and villages. The Vikings would often burn down a small village, sending a message to the next. This would force the next village to organize a collection of silver to pay a tribute; extortion was more like it, in order to leave a village alone. At least for that season. When the Vikings weren’t paid or paid enough, poor farming folk could lose everything, including their life.
Overall, the Anglo-Saxons and Celts of the Middle Ages lived very much as a naturalist might live today. Although simple changes in hygiene, medicines and safety have allowed us to live longer and smell better. However, outside the elite, they were always fit and never fat. They were a religiously superstitious people, believing in ghosts, goblins, fairies, angels and saints, but they also enjoyed a good joke or limerick. They were well organized, in their systems of governments, in the raising of their children, in the importance of family and traditions, and they were hardworking people full of compassion. Most of all, roughly 80% of them, were us.
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Bayeux Tapestry
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Harold Godwinson, 1022 – 1066, Crowned King Harold II of England.
He was the last Anglo-Saxon English King. Harold reigned from 6 January 1066, until his death at the Battle of Hastings, 14 October 1066.
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.William the Conqueror – William of Normandy
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October 4th
Blessing of the Animals
October 4th is the celebration, Blessing of the Animals. This is also a celebration of the life of St Francis. One of the local priests comes to the farm and blesses all the animals, including the bees, butterflies, and worms. He will also take a walk through the Perma-forest and bless the animals living in the wood. Before this ritual, the priest will tell the story of St Francis and how he found his way from a life of opulence and sin to one in service of his people and the caring of the creatures. This small celebration begins at 10AM. People gather in the lobby by the fireplace. Father Timothy will tell the story, then he and the group will walk to the barn and through the wood, blessing all the animals. Members and residents will also bring their pets to be blessed. The guests and children will sing as they walk, All Creatures Great and Small, and The Canticle of the Sun.
At the end of this event, there is an opportunity for the children to make hot pretzels in the cafeteria. Maidens from the Irish Heritage Center come to teach the children how to make the pretzels. She tells the story through the rhyme of the Celts and the Trinity.
spoken when rolling the dough
little leaves fall gently down
red and yellow, orange and brown
whirling, whirling, round and round
falling softly, to the ground
down and down and down and down
quietly now, without a sound
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spoken when shaping the dough
in nomine patris et fillii et spiritus sancti
domine libera nos!
deo gratias
In ainm an Athar agus an Mhic agus an Spioraid Naoimh.
dia saor sinn
buíochas le Dia
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in the name of the father, the son and the holy ghost
lord deliver us
thanks be to God.
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Procession
After this delightful event, members and residents, along with Father Timothy, will walk some animal home that have been living with us throughout the spring and summer. Once they have arrived, we may take with us an animal that isn’t getting along well with others until arrangements can be made. Father Timothy will then bless those animals and be escorted around the area to other farms and homes of people who are unable to be out and about. On Sunday, after church, there is a little pet parade and, of course, a blessing given to all those animals, and their owners, who attend this local event.
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A Rhyme For Francis
-Elenore Farjeon
The kinsmen of Francis 
Were not as another’s.
The birds were his sisters,
The beasts were his brothers.
These were his names
For the great and the small—
Was not God Father
Of him, and of all?
The night and the morning.
The water, the wind.
The star and the daisy,
Were each of his kind.
God was the Father
Of him and all others,
And flowers were his sisters,
And trees were his brothers.
“Brother, good morrow!”
He said to Friar Sun.
“Sister, good even!”
To Moon the sweet Nun.
“God is our Father,
We know of no other,
And Death is my sister,
And Life is my brother.”
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October 15th – Third Harvest
Throughout the month of October, the harvest continues. All heirloom seeds collected, dried, and stored safely away for next year’s planting. Pickling, honey collection, silk, qiviut and wool spinning continue.
This is a season of unpredictability for plants, animals, and man. The days are noticeably shorter and the temperatures can change drastically from day to day, from warm and sunny to a humid bone-chilling cold at night. What is open standing in the garden needs to be brought in now. What is left in the fields and beds should be turned under or composted. The animals will need extra food and an alteration in their diet. We will begin feeling the seasonal drag, start dressing in layers and perhaps sleep in or hit the hay early. The fluctuation in life can change with the weather, yet as our bodies grow tired, our minds are waking up. Being in tune with nature at this time of year will help both animals and man, boosting our immune system as we prepare for the winter to come.
This is also the time of animal slaughtering for meat. In the past, this was done between mid-October through Martinmas. Choosing the number of animals that went to slaughter depended on the amount of food one had in store, along with the age of the animal.
If you didn’t have enough to feed over winter, the animals could starve. This took careful calculations of grains and hay-feed, along with hoping for an early spring. Once the farmer addressed the slaughter, the animals were sent to be butchered, and the meat smoked.
Age was usually the deciding factor. A sick animal in the dead of winter could infect other animals, so this was the proper time to skin and bone. Most of the animals were at their best this time of year, very fat and healthy, a perfect source of food. Since the invention of the icebox, and now the deep freeze, there will be plenty of meat to make it through the winter, and with good luck through next year’s kill.
Our particular farm is for growing crops, collecting eggs, and milk during the warmer months of the seasons. However, we purchase most of our meat, save fish, from a farm up the road. The animals are free roaming and organically raised. Those within our Community will often work with the farmer, picking the animals we will need, helping with the butchering of beef, pork, chicken, and turkey.
In November, it is deer season. A group of fathers and sons will go out into the wood hunting, deer, ducks, quail, and pheasants. Women and children will harvest and collect wild nuts, berries, roots, and mushrooms. It is also the time to thresh the seeds from the plants gathered in the barn from the harvest.
Our Community butts up to Federal and Native lands. In the middle of their reservation is a wide and fast-moving river. Many in the Community will venture out with the locals catching salmon, snagging carp and catfish. We trade labor for fish and work to share what we have between our Communities.
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October 31st – Late Autumn Festival
The Perilous Path ~Samhaim – Hallowe’en
The threshold to other worlds, between the dusk and in the dawn, spirits, and elves have their way and their play. There’s a fresh chill in the air, the nights grow and the sun hangs low, and the snows are not far away.
How we celebrate.
All Hallows’ Eve has a long, somewhat convoluted, history. When and where did it begin? This topic has always been contentious for hundreds of years.
So where do we begin? Tricks n’ Treats in the US, since the 1960s, has been a purely commercial venture. Best we can tell, the origins of this festival may have been derived from the last Middle Ages. Perhaps, a few towns handed out treats at the end of harvest, or some wayward lads playing a few devilish pranks before All Saint’s Day, the last chance before being bad can be forgiven and forgot.
There are a number of Pagan stories passed down since time began. One such story is, taking the children to a nearby cave to sit through the night with the bodies of deceased relatives. A morbid notion now. Yet, it was thought of as a way to impart wisdom upon the children from those who had crossed over to the next life. A ghostly gateway to other worlds, or perhaps to have one last night with the dearly departed. Wonderful tales that now seem rather frightening.
This was also a time to clear the land, burning all that lay dead and drying on the fields. This is the time to burn the debris. The ash, however, was very good for the soil, snow was soon to follow, and this all made for what we would later call, poor man’s fertilizer.
During the great Irish migration to the USA, many brought with them their local or parish customs. These, no doubt, merged into what we call ‘Tricks or Treats’ today. According to my great-grandfather, you didn’t do both. You needed to pick one, either scare or surprise the local gentry, cause a ruckus, play a trick or prank, or go into the kitchen to make sweets to share at church for the holy days ahead. This seemed unfair since it was the boys who got into mischief and had all the fun. As the Irish established themselves in the New World, we see the many tribes merge all the elements from the Old World, rituals, both Christian and Pagan.
The idea of parties, dress-up, ghost stories, and apple bobbing developed mostly in the United States, many of these small festivals took place in the after school basements of the local parish. A way to keep the boys out of trouble on this night.
We have our own traditions at the PEACH. It is the Perilous Path, a series of dangerous twists and turns in the forest that one must undertake at night. Ghosts and goblins creep, trees and shrubs come to life, cackling witches and mysterious vampires slither about, whilst demons and trolls hover under bridges, guarding a secret cavern. To end your journey, a perilous deep pit to swing across with a hard and coarse rope, and a dimly lit fire to read your palm or listen to a spooky story.
This event is for children ages 4 through 14. After each successful trial is met on the path, the child is given a little treat to carry back in their sack. Each year, the challenges are different, designed by a team of older teens and adults. In the cafeteria there is apple bobbing, a show of homemade lit pumpkin and turnip carvings, a circle of seasonal songs, practice for the night ahead, and a scene from Beowulf in cut-out silhouettes.
After these events, the evening draws to an end. Everyone gathers dry twigs, branches, wheel-barrels full of debris or whatever refuse they can carry from the garden. The traditional horn called, the Carnyx is then played, and all walk while singing the songs of the season. The sound of singing lures and draws the ne’er-do-wells out of the forest with lighted torches, they follow us all into the open field. Dancing and bouncing around, hooting and hollering, poking and prodding, trying to steal the sacks of treats from the children, as we go.
In the center of the field is a two-story pile of hay, surrounded by garden and field chafe. Everyone adds their refuse to the heap as they form a circle around the pile. If it’s not too windy or too wet, the demon architects run in circles round the hay, screaming like banshees while lighting the pyre. Once the flames have reached their zenith, the Carnyx is blown again.
The daemons drop and cower in fear. From the edges of the field, a band of angles and saints come toward the circle, descending from all sides. They surround the daemons. The daemons shiver and shake, they wail and cry. Then the choirs of angles and saints speak these words, first in Gaelic, then in English:
“Back! Back! Back! Back you go! Daemons and banshees, bogeymen and phantoms, zombies and poltergeists, shadows of the soul. Be Gone! [clap] Be Gone! [clap] Be Gone! [clap] Into you holes of hell!
Air ais! Air ais! Air ais! Air ais thèid thu! Daemons agus banshees, bogymen agus phantoms, zombies agus poltergeists, faileas an anam. Bi air falbh! [clap] Bi air falbh! [clap] Bi air falbh! [clap] A-steach ort tuill ifrinn!
The Carnyx is blown, again, and with the help of the saints and angels, the daemons run to the far edges of the field. The angels and saints surround the circle, then fly after the daemons to make sure they find their hole back into hell.
The Carnyx musicians then circles the periphery of our fields, blowing their horns, making sure the daemons do not return.
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Festivals Celebrations
Blessing of the Animals. Samhain ~ Hallowe’en: the threshold to other worlds in the dusk and the dawn. The Reading of Beowulf. Final Harvest.
Lecture Series
Celts and Druids, Anglo, Saxon, Pict and Jute – The Celts Continue Part II – 376 through 871. Superstition and the wretched curse, time of the faeries. Indo-Europeans, The Celts. Christianity, Surfs and Fairies. Death Of Merlin.
Arts
Knotted Borders, Flax and Reed Weaving, Silk and Wool-Spinning & Dying.
Clubs
Member’s and Residents Clubs: Book Clubs. Father and Son’s Club. Mom and Tots Club. Elder’s Club. Cooking Club.
Folk Arts Clubs:
Fine Arts Clubs:
Skilled Arts Clubs:
Sports and Movement:
Book Club Friday: Every week the reading of Beowulf.
Writer’s Club
Description – The Legend and Mythical Hero – 1. His physical features. 2. His mission, what lay in his heart. 3. His cunning and wit. 4. His adventures and legacy, a biography.
Businesses
Workers Businesses:
Private Businesses:
Events
Third Harvest. Description of events and festivals, businesses, sports, all clubs, lectures, history, educational classes, admin meeting, all skills, arts and folk arts.
Other Topics
foods, work, hygiene, rituals, clothing, death, language, buildings, animals, education, play-leisure, social structure, technology.
there’s never nothing to do
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Living Pan-European and American Cultural and Heritage Community Center
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EMAIL: peachcommunity yahoo.com
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quicklink
PEACH COMMUNITY 